EOTO #1 Reaction Post

Out of all the topics presented, the one that interested me the most was yellow journalism. I found it to be such an interesting topic because while we no longer use the term yellow journalism, it is still very prominent in modern society. Yellow journalism is just sensational journalism that focuses more on what can increase sales over the facts of a story. Today, we clearly see this tactic being used with click-bait headlines and very opinionated works.

Yellow journalism was started by Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World in 1883. He wanted to capitalize on sensationalism to help increase the sales of the New York World. He accomplished this by having pieces made that dealt with hot topics at the time and incorporating illustrations into his papers.

One of the most famous examples of yellow journalism is how the use of this practice helped start the Spanish-American War. The Main and American ship stationed in Cuba that blew up to what we now know the cause to be human error. However, at the time, the cause for the explosion was unknown, and many newspapers seized the opportunity to be able to sell more papers by blaming the destruction of the ship on Spain. While it was probably not the goal to cause a war, the opinionated pieces stirred up enough public outcry to cause America to get involved and join the war efforts.

Yellow journalism is still seen today and played a huge role in the developmental history of journalism. While it is not called yellow journalism anymore, the effects it has on swaying mass opinion are the same. This is why I found this topic to be so interesting as while it first appeared in 1883 its role in journalism has not weakened.

                                       

EOTO #1

William Llyod Garrison is an important figure in the journalism world. He was born on December 10th, 1805, and he grew up in Newburyport, Massachusetts. After his father faced unemployment, he abandoned his family in 1808. This caused Garrison to have to work hard in his early days to help bring an income to his household. It is reported that he took odd jobs of delivering wood and selling treats. He had to support his own education by age 11. However, just a few years later, at age 13, he became an apprentice to a printer and newspaper publisher.

His apprenticeship helped Garrison develop his skills when it came to print media. He worked for the Newburyport Herald, and during his time there, he wrote for this paper under a pseudonym. He was able to make several contributions to this paper, and by the end of his apprenticeship, he became the sole owner of the Newburyport Free Press.

During the 1820’s he became involved with the anti-slavery movement and rejected the views of the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views. For a while, he was a part of the American Colonization Society, but later publicly apologized for his evolvement after being able to talk to African Americans in Boston who were able to share their views with him.

Later, in 1829, Garrison worked with Benjamin Lundy

William Llyod Garrison

and created The Genius of the Universe, an anti-slavery newspaper. His knowledge and experience working as a publisher helped him improve the layout of The Genius of the Universe. While Garrison and Lundy worked on this print, they eventually got in trouble because of it. In the paper, there was a part called the Black List, which was a column devoted to reporting the barbarities of slavery. In one of those sections, Garrison exposed a Newburyport merchant who was engaged in the coastal slave trade.

Due to this, the merchant filed against both Lundy and Garrison and won. Garrison was forced to pay a $50 fine, which he refused to pay. His refusal to pay the fine caused the courts to sentence him to six months in jail however, he only spent seven weeks confined as an anti-slaver ally paid the fine for him. After this event, Garrison and Lundy parted ways.

Garrison later co-founded The Liberator, a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, through which he became widely known. This paper got him recognized as one of the most radical American anti-slavery advocates. The Liberator became widely successful, and benefactors of the paper paid to have subscriptions sent to state legislators.

Throughout his life, he created organizations and movements for the complete abolishment of slaver. He spoke up for women's rights, and due to his support for women to get involved in the anti-slaver movement, the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society was created. This society helped raise funds to support the Liberator and publish anti-slavery pamphlets.

After the abolishment of slaver, Garrison stepped down as the president of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He continued to participate in public reform movements and support the cause for civil rights for African Americans and the women’s suffrage movement.

Garrison died on May 24, 1879. He spent the last few years with his family and was buried next to his wife, Helen Elizabeth Benson. William Llyod Garrison died being known as one of the most radical opponents to slavery. He preached on moral character and stressed the importance of nonviolence. His contributions helped spread the anti-slavery sentiment, and the importance of The Liberator can not be overlooked in the anti-slavery movement.

Midterm Recap

So far, the JOU-1300-01 class has gone over the importance of journalism and the history it played in the colonies up until the 1980s. While the history of journalism is complex, with it going through multiple phases over the years, what interested me the most out of all the topics covered was the Penny Press Era.

This era started around 1833, when Benjamin Day released The Sun in New York City for only one penny at a time, where the average paper sold for six pennies. This marked a turning point; instead of the newspaper being for the wealthy, stories could be widespread and accessible to the masses. The reason for such a low price was the shift to more steam-powered printing. Day was able to see the potential in creating an affordable and simpler paper.


With the Penny Press Era came the rise of news empires, with the New York Herald being published by James Gordan Bennett in 1835. This paper focused on more local news while other papers at the time focused on reporting on major events. This act helped redefine the way journalism could be used and set up newspaper competition.

Another major player in the Penny Press Era was Horace Greeley, the publisher of the New York Tribune. The Tribune focused on rationalism instead of sensationalism like other penny papers at the time. Greeley published the New York Tribune in 1841 and saw great success.

The Penny Press Era was an important part of shaping modern journalism. With advancements in technology, half-tone photos were able to be printed onto newspapers, which sparked a whole new wave of journalism. While the importance of creating a cheap and available newspaper for the public can not be overlooked, this also led to the sensationalism of journalism.

With a wide appeal and reliance on the common people to continue to buy the paper, this led to publishers focusing on the next story and trying to catch the reader’s eye with headlines and pictures. This is still seen in modern days with the rise of clickbait titles and flashy images to get the reader’s attention. Despite these unintentional effects, the importance of the Penny Press Era can not be overlooked. This era helped make information more available during a time in which only the wealthy could afford to read the paper.